Research on ritual with respect to consumption and...

Research on ritual with respect to consumption and holidays has been a growing topic with the support of numerous studies in recent years. However, a clear definition of what ritual entail is of debate between scholars of the social sciences, particularly anthropology, psychology, and sociology. Creating a clear set of criteria to describe what behavior is considered to be of an aspect of ritual or not has been an impossible feat for researchers, instead many definitions have risen from disagreement between the social sciences. Many of these definitions of ritual apply to a particular theory within the constraints of the field of academia which the definition is sourcing from (such as anthropology) and when examined within one field†¦show more content†¦With efforts to resolve the problem of the lack of a clear-cut definition of ritual, anthropologist Rook (1985) attempted to break down the ritual into four components: ritual artifacts, ritual script, ritual roles, and a ritual audience. Ritual artifacts are items that are in some way symbolic to a message that reflects the ritual experience, including objects that are tangible or a symbol (i.e. icons, logos, mythological characters, or significant colors) (Doulgas Isherwood, 1996). Artifacts can also be representative of gifts for exchange used for communication and forming relationships. Much like a cognitive script, a ritual script is a conception of the use of ritual artifacts and their relationship to a sequence of actions, which occur within the ritual experience. Scripts form expectations of behaviors that are appropriate for a particular situation (Rook, 1985). For example, a ritual script for funerals in the United States includes expectations of dressing in black attire, a ritual artifact symbolizing mourning and loss, and sequence of events including the presence of the deceased’s body and words of comfort from a respected figure, such as a priest. Individuals who assumed a particular identity within the ritual, a role in other words, act out these ritual scripts. The priest in the funeral example occupies a role in the ritual practice of a funeral. Ritual roles are a scriptedShow MoreRelated Tamales: History, Regional Differences, and Family Cultural Interpretations 5900 Words   |  24 PagesTamales: History, Regional Differences, and Family Cultural Interpretations Introduction: Tradition has been said to mirror a way of life. Observation has concluded that participants in tradition â€Å"actively construct as well as reflect culture and community† (Sacks 275). For most people in the 21st century, tradition only reveals itself during special times or certain seasons. For others it is simply a way of life. The foodways of Mexicans and Native Americans are of particularRead MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 PagesPatterns, some useful informations of Brazil. According to our research Brazil is a lively country. It has a large acculturation of other ethnic groups. The country’s tourism well developed, has beautiful beaches, and famous carnivals. Lots of tourists choose Brazil to have fun. 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The shape of Italy has been depicted as a ‘boot’ in many cartoons and drawings for years. Th e country covers over 116,000 square miles, making it approximately the combined size of Florida and Georgia. (Killinger, 2002) Italy is a democratic republic that has a current population of around 60 million people, making it the twenty-third most populous country in the world. Italy is a foundingRead MoreIkea Case Study on Marketing22843 Words   |  92 Pagesreasons. First of all the aim of the work was to focus on an international, or what would be even better – a global company and to investigate the marketing issues of it. At the beginning also the main thought was to find out how much flexible a company has to be to make it sure that the strategy on this or that market will bring the success. So ongoing development connected with some market information updating was a fierce issue. 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Dna Repair Mechanisms And Cell Cycle Control - 988 Words

Saccharomyces cerevisiaes, or baker’s yeasts, unicellular fungi are useful in understanding genetics and molecular biology, due to the ability to quickly map a phenotype-producing gene to a region in their genome. Yeast mutants are used a tool for the study of cellular function, DNA repair mechanisms and cell cycle control. As a model organism, S. cerevisiae is one of the simplest eukaryote organism, having not only most major signaling pathways conserved, but also consisting of a genome of approximately 12.1 million base pairs in sixteen chromosomes. S. cerevisiaes, like other model organisms, have properties that make them suitable for biological studies: rapid growth, easy mutant isolation, a sequenced genetic system and a versatile DNA transformation system, as homologous recombination is used almost exclusively as their DNA repair mechanism. Fully sequenced back in 1996 by Francis Collins, yeast genes are easily engineered and, through bioinformatics and Next Generation Sequencing, are used to investigate the possible gene functions of all the different genes in the yeast genome. This is done by studying the phenotype of strains with disrupted genes, caused by gene knockout or mutations. Furthermore, S. cerevisiaes are useful as a genome reference towards the sequencing of higher eukaryotic genes. These characteristics allow yeasts to be easily exploited for the analysis of gene regulation and the systemic analyses of structure-to-function relationships of proteins.Show MoreRelatedAtus Case Study1186 Words   |  5 PagesIncreased ROS levels in ATII cells in emphysema patients. Normal cellular metabolism leads to the production and elimination of ROS. Their significant amount is generated by mitochondrial electron transport chain. 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Why is it difficult for Mexican Americans to live in America Free Essays

The movie Selena tells how difficult it is for Mexican Americans to live in a country like America. There are great expectations from people who live there especially for artists and other people who wish to conquer the entertainment industry. Mexican Americans in the United States are often ridiculed in their manner of speaking and performances. We will write a custom essay sample on Why is it difficult for Mexican Americans to live in America? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many American racists will not hire group of Mexicans as performers. If there is a chance to get them for programs and performances, the audience has dual expectations from these groups. Moreover, they are also subject to discrimination by the Mexican American community when they perform English-American instead Spanish songs. When a flashback of Abaraham, Selena’s father, as a member of a family band playing â€Å"Blue Moon,† was presented in the film, the way they were rejected by the Mexican American audience shows that the Mexican American community was not ready to accept Mexicans who play English songs. When Abraham discovered Selena’s golden voice, he knew that Selena was meant to be on the limelight. With his support, Selena was convinced that she can become successful â€Å"in a field where every other Mexican American woman had failed† (Bernardinelli, 1997). When Selena grew older, she wanted to have a musical identity that she can call her own, which was mostly influenced by American pop music. As a Tejano singer, she was singing Spanish songs while she idolizes American pop singers. Because of this, there were times when Selena and Abraham clashed about the direction of the band’s music. However, he never failed to respect her and prod her to choose her own path. Thus, Selena is a film that deals with a clash of two different cultures (Bernardinelli, 1997). An example of this in the movie includes the part where Selena was to be interviewed by a TV reporter. Abraham told Selena that her English and Spanish should be perfect. She has to look like she can understand and identify with icons of both cultures. This was a lesson that Selena took to heart. However, in the interview, she made a mistake. After the interview, Abraham expressed his frustration by saying that to be fully accepted in America, Selena must become â€Å"more Mexican than most Mexicans† and â€Å"more American than most Americans† (Quintanilla Nava, 1997). She is an American, but she is also a Mexican, and she has to learn to draw from both cultures to form her own style (Berardinelli, 1997). When Selena died, nobody quite knew where to place her culturally (Rodriguez, 1997). But her tremendous popularity on both sides of the border is a symbol of how hyphenated Mexican-Americans have gone from the margins to the mainstream (Rodriguez 1997). Selena’s story is one of the â€Å"burden of leading hyphenated lives, and of the need to forge a place for ourselves between the dismissive Anglo-American and Mexican mainstreams† (Rodriguez, 1997). She was indeed a dreamer who preferred to go on discos rather than ranches. When she was already popular among the Mexican Americans, she still dreamed of becoming a â€Å"crossover† star to sing English songs. It is said that in the past, Mexican-American identity and having a Latino culture is a great shame for the immigrants’s children and grandchildren. â€Å"Mexicans called their English-speaking, ‘Scooby-Doo’-watching American cousins ‘pochos,’ which meant something like ‘watered-down Mexicans’† (Rodriguez 1997). Selena’s popularity both in the Mexico and America marks the changes in the new generation where â€Å"’pocho’ no longer connotes a marginal position in a culture that was never fully [Mexcian], but a growing pride in Mexican-American hybrid status, and the ability to sample and absorb the best from both sides of the border. † (Rodriguez 1997). Living in America with traces of Mexican-American blood is never easy because not only they are discriminated by Americans, they are judged by other Mexicans, especially when they act â€Å"too American† However, these things never discouraged the late Selena to reach the top. Reference: Berardinelli, J. (1997). Selena. Reel Reviews. Retrieved February 18, 2008 from: http://www. reelviews. net/movies/s/selena. html Quintanilla, Jr. , A. (Producer), Nava, G. (Director). (1997). Selena. [Motion picture]. Warner Brothers. Rodriguez, G. (1997). Selena’s story â€Å"pochos† have come of age. Pacific News. Retrieved February 18, 2008 from: http://www. pacificnews. org/jinn/stories/3. 06/970321-selena. html How to cite Why is it difficult for Mexican Americans to live in America?, Papers

Chase McCleary (1648 words) Essay Example For Students

Chase McCleary (1648 words) Essay Chase McClearyInstructor BeardsellENG 10110 November 2016Benefits of Clear-Cut LoggingLogging truly is the most ancient of civilized industries mankind has created. It is something of great prosperity and, now days, great controversy. However, that great controversy is only surrounding a certain type of logging, not logging in its entirety. The type of logging engulfed by criticism is called Clear-Cut logging. In this method a team of tree fallers and equipment operators systematically cut each tree out of a specific area, leaving short stumps and tree tops. When done poorly and or inconsiderably Clear-Cutting can cause deforestation; deforestation can cause habitat loss, extinction of animal species, and severe land hazards such as erosion and water contamination. When done correctly this technique of logging increases growth of possibly rare species of plants, manages wildlife populations, provides sustainable energy alternatives, and has huge revenue for workers in the industry, a s well as many natural products that our society needs today. Natural disasters often result in a young forest after several years have passed. Natural disasters, like wildfires and hurricanes, are unpredictable and can cause serious devastation to populated areas. A study conducted by a state funded organization says total costs of the average wildfire in America is $880 million CITATION Dia12 l 1033 (Diaz). Some wildfires are only contained, and not extinguished, for the purpose of clearing an old, dying, forest in hopes to grow a new young one. This can be extremely risky as the fire can spread due to wind or dry weather, causing said amounts of damage that total into the hundreds of billions. The most controllable way to trade in an old decrepit forest with a young, healthy, life bearing one is to Clear-Cut the forest. By doing this it does as a wildfire would, removing the trees, however, with exception of many other plants like flowers and types of shrubs. Some years later new trees will sprout and take foot in the now nutrient replenishe d soil. In the absence of overly dominant trees more delicate and rare species of trees and other plants can flourish abundantly. Many areas in the United States have either an over population of deer, which can cause disease, destroy gardens, and be a danger to road ways, or an over population of feral hogs, which can also spread disease, cause car accidents, and even become aggressive to humans and their pets or livestock. Our conservation department does a great job at managing species of animals so that they do not become a nuisance to society, however it isnt always enough. Texass government issued an article of the nuisances wild hogs and over abundant deer can cause. While not active predators, wild hogs may prey on fawns, young lambs, and kid goats. If the opportunity arises, they may also destroy and consume eggs of ground nesting birds, such as turkeys and quail. CITATION Tay15 l 1033 (Taylor). Extreme measures by hunters have been taken, to the point that there are nearly no restrictions on hog hunting. The one way we can truly push them away from our cities and towns is to clear cut the woods they r eside in and drive them to new homes. In this way we do not take their lives, but relocate them. As Clear-Cutting relocates wildlife, it will relocate our power consumption methods, at least enough to make a difference. According to the US Energy Information Administration, fossil fuels meet 81% of U.S. energy demand., says The Institute for Energy Research. The amount of crude oil we are harvesting from the earth could literally fill up rivers. Our fossil fuel consumption is so high it is burning holes in out ozone layer and is subsequently raising the earths average temperature. This global warming is causing our ice caps to melt at a much more increased rate, now becoming a detriment to many arctic species, like the Polar Bear and Penguin. Wood burning alternatives can save not only our ecosystem but our paychecks. A home with a wood stove heater, instead of common electrically generated heat, will save annually on average $64 to $255 according to a study done by House Logic. Alo ng with personal financial benefits, Clear-Cutting reaps economic benefits. Clear-Cutting helps circulate thousands of dollars weekly, which benefits our economy. One, possibly dead, White Oak tree in mid-Missouri can bring around $300 at a lumber mill. A large Hickory tree with dead, hanging limbs that could fall, could bring around $700 to mills that specialize in furnishings. With more logging taking place it would increase job outlook or the industry of forestry by the tens of thousands. This would provide incomes for many struggling families. Not only does loggings provide more job opportunities It allows land owners to make profit as well. A land owner will earn at least half of the profit a load of trees will bring in a mill or other buying platforms, which could total into the tens of thousands! Clear-Cutting on flat regions can provide the opportunity to start a crop field, which yields many food staples out society needs and, again, increases cash flow. After overhead expe nses are deducted, there is nothing but profit for everyone involved. A Career In The Culinary Arts Essay Pimm, Stuart. The Global Benefits of Canadas Logging Moratorium.National Geographic Society Blogs,NatGeo, 5 Apr. 2011, voices.nationalgeographic.com/2010/05/18/gllobal_benefits_canada_logging_moratorium/. Rasker, Ray. The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection Headwaters Economics.Headwaters Economics, 16 Sept. 2016, headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire/homes-risk/fire-cost-background/.

Taoism Essays (708 words) - Taoism, Chinese Philosophy,

Taoism Taoism is a religion that originated in Ching, probably during the 300s B.C. Taoism is also the name of a religion that began in the 100s B.C. Through the many years this religion has influenced artists and writers in the East and West. The word Tao (also spelled Dao) originally meant road or way. The Taoist studied their religion and they believed that everything in the world was explained by the way. The word (the way) is also meant as reality as a whole or individual ways The beliefs of Taoism appear in two books, the Lao-tzu (later renamed the Tao Te Ching The Classic Way and Virtue) and the Chuan-tzu are all the different books that they often read. The Lao-tzu is a book that was brought together by many unknown authors. At first Confucianism was very popular among the Chinese but they believed they had to many rules. In Confucianism people can live a good life only in a well-disciplined society that stresses attention to ceremony, duty, mortality, and public service. Although in Taoism it was not as strict. In the Taoist religion they believed to live a simple life yet still mediated and was close to nature. The Taoist religion had an influence on many of the artist involved. Tao Qian was highly against any type of violence and wanted a life in harmony with nature. Xia Gui painted paintings and landscapes that reflected the Taoist sensitivity to nature. Taoism was influenced by Chinese folk religion. In folk religion their gods are represented as human being who displayed exceptional powers during their lifetime. One of many they believed was a god that was a human being in there past lives was Guan Di, who is the protector of business people, lived as a general during the A.D. 200s. The priests would display public rituals in which they submit the peoples prayers to the gods of folk religion. The chief priest, who is in a trance, prays to other divinities for the worshipers. These divinities are not former human beings but represent aspects of Tao. The members of some Taoist groups have sought to attention immortality through magic, meditation and special diets, breath control, or the recitation of scriptures. Tao is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life. The goal of everyone is one with the Tao. The concept of a personified deity is foreign to Taoism, as is the concept of the creation of the universe. Thus, they do not pray as Christians do; there is no God to hear the prayers or act upon them. They seek answers to lifes problems through inner meditation and other observation. Time cyclical, not linear as in western thinking. Yin (dark side) is a breath that formed the earth. Yang (light side) is the breath that formed the heavens. They symbolize pairs of opposites that are seen through the universe, such as good and evil, light and dark, male and female. Intervention by human civilization upsets the balances of Yin and Yang. The Tao surrounds everyone therefore everyone must listen to find enlightenment. Five main organs and the body that complement Taoism are the five parts of the sky: water, fire, wood, metal and earth. Each person must nurture the ChI (air, breath) that has been given to him or her. Development of virtue is ones major task. The three jewels that identify Taoism are compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoists follow the art of wu wei, which is to achieve action through minimal action. It is the practice of going against the stream not by struggling against it and trashing about, but by standing still and letting the stream do all the work. Thus the sage knows that relative to the river, he still moves against the current. To the outside world the sage appears to take no action-but in fact he takes action long before others ever foresee the need for action. Taoists believe that people are compassionate by nature... left to their own devices [they] will show this compassion without expecting an award. Bibliography Sivin, N. Taoism The World Book Encyclopedia. 1997, Volume19 page 36 www.taoism.com Religion Essays

Maturation of the Plantation System 17761860 essays

Maturation of the Plantation System 17761860 essays In the essay, Maturation of the Plantation System 1776-1860, John B. Boles writes about the evolution of the Southern way of life from the end of the Revolutionary war to the beginning of the Civil war. Unlike the North, the South depended on agricultural products for revenue such as sugar, indigo, and tobacco, but mainly cotton in the later years. In order to produce these products, the plantation owners of the South used the cheapest labor available, which was slave labor. Slavery evolved to become the backbone of the South. Slavery was upheld in the early stages of the United States because Southern slaveholders referred to their slaves as property. Slaves realized that all men arent created equal as stated in the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. Freedom was only a dream. Slavery increased because of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that doubled the size of the United States. In 1810, the Census reported that there were 1,163,854 slaves in the South, mainly due to the growing production of cotton and sugar. England first realized the potential of black slaves when in 1775, Lord Dunmore granted freedom to all indented servants, Negroes, or others...(83). Southern whites did not like this proposition and they took emergency militia and police action to prevent a slave exodus to the British side. By 1777, the need for men forced the English and Colonials to rely on the use of black troops. However, although some blacks did fight side by side with their white counterparts, the majority of black involvement in the war was in a supporting role as cooks, wagoneers, and servants. After the war, there was an industrial revolution in the production of cotton cloth in England. Several species of cotton were known in the South before the revolution, but it was not easy to produce. However, with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793, the production of cotton in the...

Financial Crisis of 2007 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Crisis of 2007 - Essay Example This led to domination of speculative activities in the economy. Speculators are only interested in short term gain from the economy. Thus the long term yield on assets is not properly ensured. In the process of globalization, the role of nation-state has been undermined by the economies. Due to the lack of fiscal intervention of governments for ensuring sustaining growth, global finance and de-regulation were adopted by the economy as an alternative paradigm and it led to the booms and bust in the global economy. A sound long term macro economic policy was not adopted by the countries and thus the financial and economic stability affected badly and the conditions of financial crisis emerged. 2) Explain the factors that caused the current financial crisis. Discuss the theoretical views of the following three theories below and explain which are more relevant towards the current financial crisis Financial market instability in the economy is the result of defaulted free market system and capitalism. It causes booms and bust conditions in the global economy. The defaults in the operations of banking and monetary system are another root cause of the crisis situation. The rising protectionism among various countries led to rejection of free trade and thus the export opportunities were greatly reduced. As a result of the decreased export opportunities in the economy national income also reduced greatly. It led to contraction of the GDP together with currency devaluation. (Global economic crisis- a different view 2009). Excess liquidity in the market: Unsound methods of debt financing adopted by major central banks generate excess liquidity in the market. Through their irresponsible actions in the economy, increased debt financing without proper guarantee for returns has highly increased. The resulted sudden cash flow in the economy created a more risky environment. Due to the financial recession the returns to financial institutions were restricted and thus bad debts rate highly increased. It affected their financial position badly. (Karam 2008). Stock market crash: Sub prime mortgage loan and excess credit creation led to speculative economic environment. Due to the baseless marketing actions, the stock market faced severe crash situation which affected the entire economy badly. When the speculative borrowings increased it forced the banks and other lenders to tighten credit. As a result the availability of money in the economy contracted, and even to companies that can afford, loan was restricted and thus the economy subsequently contracted. When analysing the nature of the banking systems in the countries, it revealed that the baseless lending actions of the banks are the root cause of the current crisis. Through the expansion of easy credit, boom and bust cycles created in the US economy. Due to the uncontrolled monetary policy adopted by central banks and endorsed by the political regulatory through application of mechanisms of fiat money and fractional reserve banking, there emerged uncertain economic boom and bust cycles. (The global financial/ economic crisis 2008). The financial crisis is started with the mortgage issue. The uncontrolled sub prime borrowings and subsequent depression in the value of the homes leads to

Conflict in Darfur Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conflict in Darfur - Research Paper Example The armed forces of the government and the Janjaweed have responded to the growing fight of the rebels with crushing violence. They have killed a large number of people in and around the ethnic tribes who are supporting the rebel groups. Most of the countries around the world, particularly the US, have recognized this killing as genocide and have been forcing the Sudanese government to stop these atrocities. UN Security Council has passed a resolution, deploying UN Peace Keeping Forces to Darfur. This is the situation under which this research is being conducted. The primary question in front of us now is whether the Darfur situation will affect efforts in the global war on terrorism. With the known support for Al-Qaeda by the Sudanese Government and the Janjaweed, it is not a surprise that the Al-Qaeda has an on going interest in the happenings at Darfur. At the same time, the rest of world is also interested because of the large support that Al-Qaeda enjoys and its close link with the world terrorism. To identify the various possibilities of the research question, consequently its impact on the hypothesis, a survey will be conducted with the interested parties. This will comprise of people who are directly involved and people who are knowledgeable on the said issues. Twenty people who are resident or were residents of Darfur will be picked up for the purpose of this survey. In addition to this, similar opinion will be elicited from twenty other people who are interested in the making of a solution for Darfur. Another ten people who are from the general public who are not directly or indirectly involved in Darfur will also be queried to identify the right kind of an impact that they have all had on the topic. The entire process will be completed in a month's time and this would involve traveling to the relevant locations. Since this involves meeting some of the people who are directly involved in the fight at Darfur, there is a mild risk for the interviewer and for the participant too. But the impact is very minor. The survey will make use of a questionnaire that will have a Likert Scale in place. This would make comparison easy. However, there will also be five numbers of open ended questions posed to the participants which will bring out their thoughts on the subject. Participating in this study is not a risk for the participants. However, safety precautions should be taken up. If the subject or the participant has to travel and incur expenses for participating in this survey, then the same is refunded to the person. However, the researcher will be keen to avoid disturbing the life of the subject; instead, he or she will travel down to the location of the subject to interview him / her. Quantitative and Qualitative analysis methods will be adopted to make use of the data

Change management (organisation) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change management (organisation) - Essay Example To the hopeful it is encouraging because things may get better. To the confident It is inspiring because the challenge exists to make things better. It would be appropriate to distinguish between â€Å"change† and a â€Å"project† right at the out-set. A project is a temporary and one-time endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service, that brings about beneficial change or added value. (1). A change, referred to in this context, includes a broad array of topics. From an individual perspective, the change may be a new behavior. From a business perspective, the change may be a new business process or new technology. From a societal perspective, the change may be a new public policy or the passing of new legislation. Successful change, however, requires more than a new process, technology or public policy. Successful change requires the engagement and participation of the people involved. (1). For organizations to develop, they often must undergo significant change at various points in their development. Change in organizations occurs when the organization changes its overall strategy for success, adds or removes a major section or practice, and/or wants to change the very nature by which it operates. (2). It also occurs when an organization evolves through various life cycles, just like people must successfully evolve through life cycles. (3). Ackerman (1997) has distinguished between three types of changes:- Transformational Change Also known as Organisational Change it is radical in nature comprising basically a paradigm shift in the organisation and its members. Transformation results in significantly different structure, processes, culture and strategy. Although the concepts and principles of change presented in this paper are applicable to all types of change, the essence of this paper is biased towards Transformational Change in higher educational institutions, particularly Northumbria University. (4). Northumbria University

Principle-Agent Model of Employment Relationship

Principle-Agent Model of Employment Relationship Outline the principal-agent model relating to the employment relationship, and describe how pay models can help overcome some of the problems of performance in developing country governments. Introduction Managing scarcity is a major concern both in the private and the public sector all around the world. As the cornerstone of the economic theory the efficient and effective use of the scarce resources has been, since the acknowledgment of this social science, a paramount responsibility for public officials. Whether it was on behalf of the absolutist ruler or about the peoples interest, managing the states resources is a craft that not only has evolved in its tools but also in the scope that it covers, as new necessities arise and evolve at the pace of civilization. In the following sections, we aim to cover the Principal-Agent Model relating it to the employment relationship within the public sector, for which we will develop the main characteristics of the model with a political economy perspective. As Solow (1974) acknowledges, the world has been consuming its exhaustible resources since the beginning of time, and as the process will continue and new necessities will emerge, the state in all its forms needs to enhance its output and efficiency to address these situations. As one of the main inputs for government delivery is human capital, the choice of a proper compensation scheme, with incentives effects considering performance and quality can provide significant effects on output (Lazear, 2000). From this perspective, we will cover different payment models and incentives as tools to achieve a better and wider output in the environment of developing economies where scarce resources are more acute and social needs are more demanding, focused in the provision of the basic elements and services to help people to develop. Finally, and after going through the theoretical ground of the Principal-Agent Model and the mentioned compensation methods, we will relate them with developing country experiences and outcomes in the framework of new public management where, working altogether with other theories and components that includes a varied mix of characteristics (Gruening, 2001) such as, budget cuts, privatization, user charges, competition, separation of politics and administration, performance measurement and improved accounting, among others that we can relate to the neo-liberalist agenda, that emphasises management tools in order to achieve the goal of better public sector performance. Principal-Agent Model In theory of delegation, the core idea of the Principal-Agent Model is that the Principal needs to delegate a certain activity or job because its too busy to do it by himself. This is made by hiring a third party or Agent who will be responsible to perform the defined activities, but as the Principal is busy, it also means that he cannot observe the Agent actions perfectly. So, several ways are to be considered to motivate the actions of the Agent to favour with her actions the interests of the Principal (Gibbons, 2017). To be defined as a Principal-Agent Model some necessary features or core assumptions are required. According to the settings explained by Miller (2005), first, the agent takes actions that establishes a payoff to the principal, along with a risk variable. Secondly, there exists information asymmetries as the principal can view the outcome provided by the agent but not the actions that the latter undertook. Moreover, in many cases, the associated costs of monitoring the agent actions can be prohibitively expensive. Third, there also exists asymmetry in the preferences as those of the agents, as are assumed to diverge from the principals preferences. Also, the agent is taken to be more risk-averse than the principal.   Fourth, the principal is expected to act rationally based upon coherent preferences and is able to take the initiative by offering a contract. Fifth, agent and principal have common knowledge about the game structure, the costs, probabilities of the different outcomes and other variables. Moreover, they are conscious of the agents rationality and her preferences regarding an incentive package that its expected utility is above the agents opportunity cost. Finally, the principal is assumed to have the ability to impose the best possible solution regarding the agents inferred best response equation. In other words, The principal is endowed with all of the bargaining power in this simple setting, and thus can make a take-it-or-leave-it offer to the agent (Sappington, 1991, p. 47). Furthermore, Miller (2005) defines, from the above-mentioned assumptions, two initial results. Outcome-based incentives, to partially overcome any moral hazard problems despite information asymmetries. And, Efficiency Trade-Offs, as moral hazard sets boundaries to both transaction efficiency and the principals benefits. Efficiency in incentives endures a trade-off with risk-bearing efficiency, and the best trade-off or second best solution must involve risky outcome-based bonuses for the risk-averse agent (Shavell, 1979 in Miller, 2005). Asymmetries and Costs The relationship between the principal and the agent is not exempt of unbalances of power that operate in both ways. The former is threatened by moral hazard or informational asymmetries regarding the actions that are to be undertook by the agent. To balance this situation, the theory presumes that the principal will try to narrow these asymmetries by installing information systems and monitoring the agent. Also, they will offer incentives as a way to align the parties interests. In this alignment, principals compensate the agents not only for the collaboration agreement but for the actual result of this enterprise, performing contracts that are output oriented (Shapiro, 2005). Moreover, given the insurmountably costs of monitoring the agent, or public servant, the outcome based contract is a clear alternative against a retribution based on actions (Miller, 2005). In the public-sector sphere, if the official fails in his task, e.g. inclusive poverty alleviation programme, must be removed from office even if his actions were in the best interests of the public. This is not done out of vengeance, but as an incentive for future officials under the same information asymmetry and output-based contracts. Of course, if the programme succeeds, the official must be rewarded. This shows that there is inefficiency along the process, even though the output-based contract succeeds in reducing the moral hazard problem, it does it whilst recognizes the inefficiencies that come along with the solutions achieved, that in most cases are not Pareto-optimal in the relationship between the agent and the principal (Downs and Rocke, 1994). Moral hazard is a key component in the contract formulation. The principals are assumed to be risk neutral and the agents risk averse, as they have bet all in into the contract with the principal, the information asymmetry plays an important part as the agent will do things that might go against the principals goals in order to preserve themselves from risk. Thus, the importance to design tools to minimize this hazards (Shapiro, 2005). In addition, the principals are faced with situations that modify substantially the assumption that is the latter the one who is in control of creating incentives, specifying the preferences and making the contracts for the agents to follow. There exists many common situations in which principals need agents with expertise, or with experience that goes far beyond that of theirs, in this cases the asymmetry of information is reinforced by the shift in the asymmetry of power as it shifts from the principal to the agent (Shapiro, 2005) a common case observed with public officials and politicians. Therefore, by manipulating the incentives offered to the agent, the principal attempts to minimize agency costs or shirking, that is the losses assumed by the principal by her incapacity to align the self-interests of the agent with her owns (Miller, 2005). When it comes to the public service, two observations must be made. First, as there exists knowledge and information asymmetries and they are characteristic in many agency relationships that are opaque and quite difficult to be subject of surveillance, agents self-regulation provides a very important monitoring role. Secondly, many regulatory provisions and self-regulatory arrangements established to control agency relationships are as well agency relationships. Whether they are compliance officers, auditors, internal affairs departments, insurance companies, investment advisors or government regulators, the monitors act on behalf of the principals. Therefore, they also comprise agency problems (Shapiro, 2005). Shirking, cooptation or corruption becomes part of the equation. So, the question of Who monitors the monitors? (Shapiro, 1987) arises, creating a structure of agents controlling agents. The later question demands more attention from the political science view as sanctions are required to induce agents to properly perform their duties. Budget cuts, firing officials, recontracting or voting them out of office are ways used in the public sector to align the agents objectives with those of the principals. As Mitnick (1998, in Shapiro, 2005) explains, these situations inevitably comes with associated agency costs, when they are too high, either in political or economic terms, principals might choose not to expend resources on them. Furthermore, as politicians might not bear the burden of the consequences of the agents self-interested, opportunistic actions, the costs most likely are passed through to the public. This creates the perfect environment for increased laxity of monitoring activities in the public sector (Meier and Waterman, 1998). Contracts, Pay Models and Performance It is clear now that the channel to implement the required balances of power and influence is through the correct design of the contracts where the principals delegation to the agent will be embodied. Sadly, there is not a golden rule for contract design as every relationship is different and requires diverse considerations to achieve the best possible outcome considering most of the contingencies. Nevertheless, there is a caveat to consider as there are substantially different scenarios between the contracts and incentives options for the public sector than those of the private, more flexible, one. We must remember that the beginnings of the new public management and the considerations of the principal-agent theory are rooted in the developments in management techniques provided by the private sector in its search for efficiency and productivity. For this particular reason, we cover the more standardized retributive models to, afterwards, be able to apply them to the public sector with the necessary considerations. One of the entrepreneurs in compensation techniques was Henry Ford who addressed the high rotation of personnel and absenteeism that his motor company suffered by increasing the hourly wages high above the average threshold in the industry. This basic action provided immediate effects as productivity, commitment increased whilst personnel rotation decreased. This decision, though basic today provided a clear example of what incentives can produce in a given organization. But, Fords times are over and the complexity of transactions, markets and peoples needs have evolved into a more sophisticated retribution design. A rather common output-based contract is the Piece-rate payment instead of the classic hourly payment. This kind of contract works for certain organizations, and has proven to be effective in the increase of productivity due to two components: the increased production per worker due to incentive effects and a natural shift towards more capable, results driven employees recruited to fill the posts of those that are unable to produce enough to maintain their previous level of income. This generates profits sharing between the company and the labour force as part of the productivity gains are split among them, whilst encouraging more ambitious workers to differentiate themselves, both characteristics are unable to be achieved with a basic salary retribution (Lazear, 2000). Is understood that covenants regarding quality and other issues must be addressed in the contract to avoid future backfires. There exist different alternatives of contracts regarding the agents retributions. But they all aim to be the optimal solution to the information asymmetry problem. Authors also suggest the analysis of retribution in a time frame perspective, where initially the agent will be paid a wage lower than his alternative wage, with the promise of future, career attached, above the threshold wages as an alternative to avoid shirking when monitoring the agents activities is imperfect. Moreover, this method of delayed-payment or bonding contract is efficient as it doesnt alter the present value of the best alternative compensation. Also, this system provides the principal with an additional tool which is the increasing cost of job loss to keep the agent focused on the principals objectives (Krueger, 1990). A tool that is also related with bonuses or options related compensations. In jobs that are capital intensive and highly routinized, there is also room for shirking, absenteeism, theft, high turnover, waste, misuse of equipment or poor service that have a significant effect on output and performance (Krueger, 1990). These situations observed in certain industries can be also seen in some public offices, with the condiment that in many cases there also exists the limitation of law and regulation regarding the protection of the public employment that creates a further layer of asymmetry in the principal-agent relationship. The relationship can be turned-over as the principal becomes the employees that are unionized and the agent, the organization for whom they work. In cases where it has full negotiation power for determining the labour contract, the unions will demand higher salaries and in-kind payments that goes straight against the goal of maximizing the output as the cost increases (Laffont and Martimore, 2001). Moreover, there exists the risks of overemployment due to the mentioned legislation coverage, that prevents the organization to restructure its personnel and achieve a maximization of output through increased productivity. As Shapiro (2005) acknowledges, over time the agents acquire influence over other groups than their principals that increases their protection against any sanction that might be cast upon them. And as in many cases agents -government officials or corporate directors- outlive their principals (politicians, shareholders), the balance of power may shift. Performance and Development From all the above covered, we clearly observe that performance enhancing measures are activities that arent free of charge. In fact, even in private companies the application of any structural change regarding increasing output or efficiency comes with stressful situations that might be so disruptive that can stop the process. This situation, when taken to the public sector, where the motors of change are elected official with a fixed term in office, provides situations that require strong commitment and enough negotiations skills to prove the workforce and the ultimate principals, the voters, of the necessity of change. In this section, we will cover the approach that developing countries have taken to address and minimize situations that reduce performance or hold back efficiency. Improving Health Service Delivery Performance enhancement is a key factor to achieve the health-associated Millennium Development Goals. Hence, looking for improved ways for service delivery is significantly important. A way to achieve this goals has been the application of government contracting with third parties such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) practitioners, universities or companies. As Loevinsohn and Harding (2005) expose, contracts for health service delivery provides some interesting characteristics. First, they ensure a more precise focus on measurable results, especially when the contracts are defined objectively with measurable outputs. Secondly, they overcome some constraints that can prevent governments to efficiently use the available resources, such as the ones mentioned in the previous section. Third, the use of the private sectors flexibility can improve service delivery. Fourth, increased autonomy and decentralization in the decision-making process allows a faster response to peoples ne eds. Fifth, as contracting is through public offers, it will increase the efficiency because of price competition or, if its recruiting for staff, will attract better qualified agents. Finally, as these activities are outsourced in its execution allows governments to focus more on its other roles, such as planning, financing, regulation and more varied public health functions. Of course, in addition to the caveats covered in this paper, the thought of contracting non-state institutions to perform public activities comes with other difficulties as contracting should cover a sufficiently large scale to make a difference in aggregate service output. Which in turn, leads to both more expensive contracts and a shift in the balance of power due to principals (government) limited capacity to manage this contracts in the most efficient way once the service is instituted. Hence, there will be unsustainability risks in the contracting (Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005). However, governments have different types of contracts to provide a principal-agent relationship with positive results for society. In a service delivery contract, the state decides the services to be provided, where, and the integration scale in the infrastructure and supply management, where, personnel, equipment or consumables will be, or provided. There are intermediate options such as a management contract, where the agent will take over on the government health workers and take care of the increase in the salary, which will be linked to outcome based indicators (Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005). In this case, there is a limited effect in the principals shift of power as the agent remains in a rather weak position as it can be dismissed if does not accomplish the performance levels pre-contracted. When contrasted with some average scenarios in many developing countries, where the public sector underperforms or barely function at all, due to factors such as poverty, corruption, chronical economic crisis and political instability. Public officials morale is undermined and in some situations absenteeism increases or there are a lack of tasks or resources to work with, pervasive corruption and rent seeking characterises the public sector in many places in the world (Grindle, 1997). Reforms to increase performance and effectiveness are demanded both by the public and by the politicians, whos agency contract with society depends on their performance. Nevertheless, Loevinsohn and Harding (2005) research provides evidence of the impressive improvements achieved by government contracting with third parties in the performance of the service delivery. Whether primary health care in Guatemala or nutrition programmes in Africa, contracting yielded positive results. In some case studies the contractors were proven to be more effective than the state agencies, regarding several measures on quality of service and coverage. As an example, in India a NGO was able to deliver an increase of 14% in tuberculosis treatment completion rates at a lower cost than the public services in a nearby area (Murthy et al. 2001). Contracting under specific, results driven conditions has proven to deliver impressive and rapid results. The studies made on programmes that are ongoing suggest that there is a link between the high performing programmes with increased autonomy given to contractors, cases such as Cambodia, where Rural Primary Health Provision and District Hospitals, where output-based service delivery contracts provided better results than traditional management contracts. A result consistent with the characteristics of hospital services where autonomy in the workforce management is significantly important to improve performance (Harding and Preker, 2003). It is to be expected to generate controversy by contracting with non-governmental institutions to provide services. Critics often relate this movements as pro neo-liberal desires of privatization, while financing them with public resources with the objective to limit the government involvement in services such as health care or education. However, some programmes are designed and implemented due to internal analysis of the lack of expertise or proper resources to cover and deliver a defined set of services, a process that can lead to more efficient expenditures without reducing the public expenditure for that item (Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005). Hence, increasing performance and output. The above-mentioned examples are among many others where new public management techniques or concepts apply. The Principal-Agent model expressed in the relationship between the state and a third party specialized in service delivery shows that such a complex relationship should be followed in those activities that allow to be critically measurable, without being put through subjectivities in the performance analysis. When the Principal-Agent relationship is put under the scope of political science there are interesting considerations to be made. When we analyse the delegation process or the objective we might observe that maybe the goal is to provide an enhanced credibility in the commitments made, or to avoid the cost of unpopular policies. Instead of aligning the interests of the agents with theirs, principals who seek credibility from their agents choose other agents with different preferences regarding policies and provide them with considerable autonomy and discretion as a way to provide contracts with independence whilst seeking accountability for their actions (Majone, 2001 in Shapiro, 2005). As we can see, contracting under the principal-agent model is not a simple activity. There are so many variables that can affect the efficiency of the objective rather than its effectiveness, that it proves complicated to perform corrective measures. Therefore, the monitor eye is so important. The threat of future sanctions provides the agents, and in the public arena, some principals, with the incentives to perform their activities properly. Moreover, in democracies, where congressional oversight is available, and where effective incentives systems are applied, less often sanctions should be observed in the form of hearings and investigations. Direct and continuous monitoring of inputs rather than results proves to be an inefficient tool for controlling the agent (Miller, 2005). This provides a further incentive for the proper implementation and design of outcome-based contracts. Conclusion In the present paper, we have gone through the standard framework of the Principal-Agent model, where we have covered the technical requirements to be met in order to perform this kind of contracts. Always from the basis that is the Principals need of delegation of a certain activity, the trigger for entering in this contract based relationship in which there exists characteristics such as information asymmetries, efficiency trade-offs and relatively high monitoring costs associated. Furthermore, we have gone into a deeper analysis of the causes and costs related to the different asymmetries that can be observed in the principal-agent relationship and the particular impact that this can cause in contracts performed with the public sector. For which we have also covered the mainstream contract typology, the intrinsic objectives of the correct formulation of the agreement in order to avoid shirking and goals divergences. To finally, approach performance issues with developing country experiences related to the health sector as it is one of the public services that can have its output clearly and objectively measured without further complications or subjectivities. From all the above covered, we clearly can see that Principal-Agent contracts applied to governments is possible and yields positive results. But, it is also clear that is not an easy or systematic task. As it requires many considerations and attention to the caveats mentioned and many others that can apply due to the intrinsic characteristics of the tasks and the outcomes negotiated. We must also bear in mind that this kind of contracts also bear internal difficulties within the government agencies as not all of them are fit to be part of this kind of arrangements. In addition, we cannot think of implementing an effective principal-agent relationship without pursuing other structural changes in the governmental structures. As Robert McNamara, former president of the World Bank, claimed in most countries, the centralized administration of scarce resources both money and skills has usually resulted in most of them being allocated to a small group of the rich and powerful. This is not surprising since economic rationalizing, political pressure and selfish interest often conspire to the detriment of the poor. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] experience shows that there is a greater chance of success if institutions provide for popular participation, local leadership and decentralization of authority (World Bank, 1975, p.93). Moreover, Rondinelli (1981) focuses on the efficient delivery of services depending upon the effective organization at community levels to have a strong interaction with the agencies in charge of service delivery to establish priorities and set objectives. This paper aimed to observe the impact of the Principal-Agent Model as a tool to gain in efficiency and increase performance levels in the public sector. From all the above covered, we can see that, if properly implemented and with the necessary systemic view, this incentive-based tool is strong enough to help government agencies to increase their output and provide better services for the community. Again, is not the easy path, but it can payoff. References Downs, George W. and Rocke, David M. (1994) Conflict, agency and gambling for resurrection: The principal-agent problem goes to war. American Journal of Political Science. Vol. 38 pp. 362-380. Gibbons, Robert (2017) Lecture Note 1: Agency Theory. MBA Course 15.903: Organizational Economics and Corporate Strategy. MIT Sloan School of Management. Massachusetts. Grindle, Merilee S. (1997) Divergent Cultures? When Public Organizations Perform Well in Developing Countries. World Development. Vol. 25, pp. 481-495. Gruening, Gernod (2001). Origin and theoretical basis of New Public Management. International Public Management Journal 4 (2001) 1-25. Harding, April and Preker, Alexander S. (2003) Innovations in Health Service Delivery: The Corporatization of Public Hospitals. Health, Nutrition, and Population. World Bank. Washington D.C. Krueger, Alan B. (1990) Ownership, Agency and Wages: An examination of franchising in the Fast food industry. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 3.334. Laffont, Jean-Jacques and Martimore, David (2001) The Theory of Incentives: The Principal-Agent Model. Princeton University Press. New Jersey. Lazear, Edward P. (2000) Performance Pay and Productivity. The American Economic Review. Vol. 90, pp. 1346-1361. Loevinsohn, Benjamin and Harding, April (2005) Buying results? Contracting for health service delivery in developing countries. The Lancet. Vol. 366, pp. 676-681. Meier, Kenneth J. and Waterman, Richard W. (1998) Principal-agent models: an expansion? Journal of Public Administration and Research Theory. Vol. 8, pp. 173-202. Miller, Gary J. (2005) The Political Evolution of Principal-Agent Models. Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 8, pp. 203-225. Murthy K.J.R., Frieden T.R., Yazdani A. and Hreshikesh P. (2001) Public private partnership in tuberculosis control: experience in Hyderabad, India. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Vol. 5, pp. 354 -359. Sappington, David E. M. (1991) Incentives in principal-agent relationships. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 5, pp. 45-66. Shapiro, Susan P. (1987) The social control of impersonal trust. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 93, pp. 623-658. Rondinelli, Dennis A. (1981) Government Decentralization in Comparative Perspective: Theory and Practice in Developing Countries. International Review of Administrative Sciences. Vol. 47, pp. 133-145. Shapiro, Susan P. (2005) Agency Theory. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 30, pp. 263-284. Solow, Robert M. (1974) The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics. The American Economic Review. Vol. 64, pp. 1-14. World Bank (1975) The Assault on World Poverty. John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.

Macbeth And His Wife :: essays research papers

The Changing Relationship Between Macbeth and his Wife â€Å". . . my dearest partner of greatness . . .† writes Macbeth to his wife when he receives the first three prophecies from the witches. The relationship between Macbeth and his wife is a complicated one. At the start, they seem as in love with each other as when they were when married, the language used by both is intimate and playful. However there is a darker side to their relationship. Lady Macbeth has a change of heart and refers to her husband as a coward when they prepare to murder Duncan. â€Å" . . . I have given suck, and know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, and dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you . . .† Dialogues such as this show her darker side, the side that finally convinces Macbeth to commit the murder of King Duncan. It appears that Macbeth may even be afraid of his cruel wife. After the deed is done, she continues to look down upon him, â€Å" My hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white . . .† She still thinks of him as a coward and mocks him about worrying about the deed. Her language and actions display this to us. She sarcastically calls him â€Å" . . . worthy thane . . .† Even though he has done exactly what she wanted him to do; Lady Macbeth still will tease him. This is one of the reasons that drive them apart further on in the play. Apart from her feigning a feint, we don’t see much of the lady until the coronation banquet. Macbeth arranges for his long time friend, Banquo, to be killed so the prophecy would not be fulfilled. When Lady Macbeth asks her husband what he was planning he tells her nothing, â€Å"Be innocent of knowledge, dearest chuck . . .† This from the man who confided everything with his wife in the letter he wrote about the witches, already they have started to drift apart, and Macbeth has only just risen to the throne. Macbeth although outwardly confident that his plan will succeed, appears to be afraid to let his wife know what he is planning, possibly he is afraid of her interfering like she did when they murdered Duncan in his bed.

Georges Trains A Conservative Approach

It will recommend areas of improvement to endure success. Lastly, this paper revised conclusion on the overall capital budgeting analysis Of George's Trains. Key words: working capital, investing conservatively, pitfalls Working Capital Practices of George's Trains George's of George's Trains started his business as a conservative investor. He understood and applied this practice properly; as a low-risk, low-return strategy. As an investor, George understood the two definitions by which to invest conservatively.First, a conservative investment is one that carries the greatest likelihood of preserving the purchasing power of one's capital with the least amount of risk. Second, George knew what a conservative investment was, and then followed the course of action needed to properly determine whether particular investments are indeed conservative investments (Gad, 2014). George did not have the background as an entrepreneur so he needed to have a safety factor to be able to weather mark et storms better than his competitors is.With this, he needs to have a low cost of production (Gad, 2014). When a bad year hits George's Trains, the chance of still churning out a profit or reporting a smaller net loss is achievable. A company that cannot compete by staying abreast of market hanged and trends is doomed in the end. George realized this and moved to expanding his product line outside of a one-man band – trains! Finally, management should possess financial skill (Gad, 2014). George relied on his bank and trending past years as well as utilizing the books from the previous owner.In doing this, George is able to maximize his return on investment capital, and other important components of business success (Gad, 2014). Beware Of Potential Pitfalls George realizes that model trains are seasonal. With that in mind, George orders inventory based on demand and utilizes past reports on trends. When business is slow, he decreases his inventory so he is not tying up his ca pital. When he sells an item, he makes sure that the replacement is ordered before the shelf is empty. This ensure maximum cash flow in his business.Managing working capital is the operational side of budgeting. When businesses put a budget together, they anticipate future cash flow and the timing of that cash flow. This planning is critical, especially in small businesses and practices (Kelly, 2014). Another pitfall that George realized was â€Å"The people Factor† (Moody, 2014). He realized that in order to be successful he added to cultivate his loyal customer's that used to come to his home business, as well as building a broader base.

 Nissim Ezekiel’S “Enterprise” Essay

Nissim Ezekiel’S â€Å"Enterprise† ‘Enterprise’ is an allegory of human condition on this planet and of the frequent efforts, failure and frustrations to which man is subject by the very nature of earthly life. The poet describes a spiritual pilgrimage where each pilgrim faces difficulties and disillusionment along the way. Thus, in the ‘Enterprise’ a group of people undertake a journey moved by noble aspirations, but it all ends in failures and frustrations as is usually the case with human attempts at some noble achievement. The pilgrimage becomes a weary trek, by the time the goal is reached. The goal is alluring but the process of reaching it empties the victory of its glamour and glory. A number of people, including the poet decide to go on a pilgrimage. They are city dwellers and the journey they undertake is to some romantic, primitive hinterland. They start with hope, courage and determination, with their minds full of noble ideas and ideals. They are out to make some heroic effort, which will lead to some noble achievements. Their minds are exalted and they are not afraid of any dangers and difficulties. This stage of the journey symbolizes the stage of innocence that man enjoys in his boyhood and early youth, when he is entirely unconscious of the frustrations and failures which life brings at every stage. But this innocence is lost and in the next stage of the journey the pilgrims face dangers and difficulties. They continue on their onward journey of exploration. The objects and forces of nature are out to frustrate human endeavor like the oppressive heat of the sun. The group of travelers is able to put up very well with the dangers and difficulties for sometime and continue to journey in hope. They note down the goods being bought and sold by the peasants and observe the ways of serpents and goats. They pass through three cities where a sage had taught, but does not care to find out what he had taught. But soon there are distractions and diversions. The difficulties and dangers posed by man’s physical environment are not as damaging as those that result from his own insufficiency. Soon there are differences of opinion among the travelers and they began to quarrel over petty matters. They had to cross a piece of wasteland a ‘desert patch’, and they could not agree as to the best way of doing so. One of vtheir friends-rather proud of him stylish prose-was so angry that he left their company. The shadow of discord fell on their enterprise, and it has continued to grow. Bickering over petty matters, needless quarrels over trifles, hatred of, and hostility to, those who hold different opinions, is ingrained in human nature, and thus man carries the seeds of his failure and frustration within his own self. So do these pilgrims who, despite their quarrel, continue their onward journey. But none the less, they are divided into groups, each group attacking the other. Engrossed in their quarrel, they lose their ways and forget noble aspirations which had motivated their enterprise. Their goal and their purpose were forgotten and their idealism is all gone. Some of them decide to leave the group. Frustration and difficulties overwhelm the human spirit and many do not have the courage to face the realities of life. They seek relief in escape and withdrawal. Many of us are such introverts. Some try to pray and seek Divine assistance and blessings, forgetting that God help those who help themselves. Their leader feels that he smelt the sea and he feels that they have reached a dead end, and must go back. Their pilgrimage must end. Still they persist, though their journey has lost all its’ significance. They are dirty and shabby for they have been deprived of such common needs as soap, are broken in spirit and bent down physically. Such is the ultimate end of all human enterprises; this is the essential truth of human life. Absorbed in their pretty quarrels and tried and exhausted, frustrated and at bay, the travelers do not even hear the thunder and even if they do so, they ignore their significance. The thunder is symbolic of spiritual regeneration and fertility but they do not care for it. The extreme hopelessness of man at the end of life’s journey is thus stressed. The pilgrims even come to doubt the very worth and significance of the journey. It seems to them to have been meaningless and futile. All their noble aspirations are forgotten, there is sorrow and suffering on every face, and they are conscious of the fact that their actions have neither been great nor even. Efforts to escape from the realities of human existence are futile. We must accept the limitations of our lot and do our best within those limitations. Heroism means the acceptance of our lot in life and the  doing of our best in the service of God and humanity. Therefore the poem concludes on a note of exultation and optimism when the pilgrims realize that it is not by undertaking long hazardous journeys but by doing the right deeds that everyone can receive God’s grace. If you want to thank the person who shared the link with me you may send chocolates to room no 417 B in Jhonas hall in Christ University Recommend this on Google No comments: First Semester 2012 (20) First Semester 2013 (6) Note to the reader (2) Third Semester (5) Semester Index ââ€" ¼ 2013 (33) ââ€" º October (8) ââ€" º September (3) ââ€" ¼ March (22) Disclaimer Father (Prafulla Roy) THE WRITING ON THE WALL (BINOO K JOHN) Letter to a Dear Friend (L Kharma Wphlang) ENTERPRISE (NISSIM EZEKIEL) Father -(Prafulla Roy) Train To Pakistan- Khushwant Singh Comparison (The Patriot VS The Mistress) Comment on the professional approach Subroto Bagch†¦ What are the five minds of the future that Subroto†¦ Father -Prafulla Roy Summary of Nissim Ezekiel’S â€Å"Enterprise† OF KITCHENS AND GODDESSES – Shashi Deshpande And of Clay Are We Created – Isabel Allende Tonight I Can Write -Pablo Neruda The Patriot – Nissim Ezekiel Mending Wall – Robert Frost Themes analysis â€Å"Mending Wall† – Robert Frost A Literary Analysis of Nadine Gordimer’s â€Å"Once Upo†¦ â€Å"Once Upon a Time† by Nadine Gordimer – Theme Introduction to the Blog Dream Deferred -Langston Hughes(1902-1967) Blog Archive Share 0 More Next Blog » Create Blog Sign In 10/18/13 Mindscapes Analysis: Summary of Nissim Ezekiel’S â€Å"Enterprise† cumindscapes.blogspot.in/2013/03/summary-of-nissim-ezekiels-enterprise.html 2/2 Newer Post Home Older Post Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) Enter your comment†¦ Comment as: Google Account Publish

The Efficency of Golf Carts essays

The Efficency of Golf Carts essays Review of Literature: Golf Cart Efficiency In Peachtree City, 9 out of every 10 people own a golf cart. Most just sit in garages sprawled throughout the city limits, and occasionally get driven around for short distances. Some people actually use them to play golf! But how much money does it actually cost to drive those helpful yet sometimes sparingly driven machines? Well thats just about to be answered. To compare, a car, the most driven vehicle on the planet, will be used for comparison. First, though, one must understand the inter-workings of both cars and golf carts to further understand the efficiency of either. Golf carts work similarly to cars, but have different types of power sources. Most golf carts are powered by DC (direct current) electric motors, but some are powered by AC (alternating current) electric motors. The basic DC electric motor is shown in the diagram below. The basic electric motor uses magnets to create movement. The attracting and repelling forces of the magnets create the rotational motion of the armature (or rotor). The armature is an electromagnet that spins inside the field magnet. This part of the motor is normally encased in a steel shell. On the exterior of the motor, you will find two leads, or battery connections. This is where you run the wires to the batteries. These leads are connected to the brushes, which transfer power from the battery to the commutator. Most batteries in golf carts are deep cycle batteries. Car batteries and golf cart batteries are both lead-acid batteries, and have the same chemistry. Golf cart batteries provide minimal short bursts of power when needed, and is designed to be drained of energy completely many times over (100+). To accomplish this, it uses thicker plates. Golf cart batteries also have almost two to three times the Reserve Capacity (RC). RC is defined as The number of minutes that the battery can deliver 25 amps...

LOU Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LOU Survey - Essay Example n; Level III – state of mechanical use; Level IV A – state of routine; Level IV B – state of refinement; Level V – state of integration; Level VI – state of renewal. The behavior of the majority of the users or specific groups of users will dictate the decision of the organization on the terms of intervention, planning and preparation for the technology or technologies that they will have to adopt. Orr and Mrazek (2008) have used the LoU along with Stages of Concern (CoN) to assess the â€Å"professional growth of among the professionals pursuing graduate course work in educational technology† (p. 2) at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada. What they did was to formulate statements that describe the level of their use or the extent of their confidence with respect to their manner of using technologies instead of just labeling the choices with numbers similar to a Likert scale. This was deemed much better since the respondents will not be biased in their answers. Examples of the statements used in their study are as follows: I really don’t know anything about this technology, or am not sure that it would be useful for my classes – to reflect level 0; I am collaborating with colleagues to develop ways in which we can use this technology to better meet our common objectives for our classes – to reflect level V; and finally I still use this technology, but I am exploring other technologies to replace it that will better meet the objectives for my classes – to reflect level VI. The interpretation of the data gathered from this survey is a simple computation of the mean, median and standard deviation of the responses of the respondents. The data gathered will of course reflect the common technologies being used by the respondents and what they do not know how to use or what they don’t use. This will somehow provide insight on what technologies they need to be trained on and the possible technologies that would be practically fit for

Australian Indigenous Education in Modern Life Essay

Australian Indigenous Education in Modern Life - Essay Example There was also much concern over high unemployment rates in some ethnic communities, largely a result of economic recession and the decline of the manufacturing sector, which had previously provided a substantial portion of migrant jobs (Castles et al., 1986; O'Loughlin and Watson, 1997; VEAC, 1983, 1984). Since the late 1980s, discussions about the apparent success of professional and business migrants have supplanted the discourse of migrant disadvantage. As a result of the Federal government's increasing emphasis on credentials and skills in the migration programme, migrants' human capital endowments have increased, apparently resulting in higher labour force participation rates and better employment outcomes. The government argues that migration is more economically efficient than ever before, with migrants adding to government coffers rather than becoming a drain on the public purse (Ruddock, 2003). Contemporary academic research on migrant employment experiences neatly undersco res governmental discourses on migration policy. It is dominated by studies presenting a 'success story' narrative of recent, mostly highly skilled, migrants achieving increasingly positive outcomes in the Australian labour market. These are generally economic, quantitative studies based on the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA) (Cobb-Clark, 2000, 2001; Cobb-Clark and Chapman, 1999; Richardson et al., 2001, 2002; VandenHeuvel and Wooden, 1999, 2000). The LSIA, commissioned by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), surveyed migrants about their settlement experiences during their first years in Australia. LSIA1 targeted migrants entering Australia between September 1993 and August 1995, surveying them three times: six months (wave 1), 18 months (wave 2) and three and a half years (wave 3) after arrival. LSIA2 targeted migrants entering Australia between September 1999 and August 2000, surveying them twice: six months (wave 1 ) and 18 months (wave 2) after arrival (see DIMIA, 2002, for more information about the LSIA). Weighted data were used in the analyses for this article to offset the attrition rate in the sample over the three waves. These studies continue a dominant tradition within social science research on migration, namely an approach derived from human capital theory. Essentially an 'application of neo-classical economics to labour markets' (Wooden, 1994: 220), human capital theory has become the prevailing wisdom within academic and business circles for explaining the economic success of individuals, firms and nations. Human capital theory emerged in the 1970s in the writings of economists such as Mincer (1974) and Becker (1975) to explain differences in individual earnings. Income was treated as a function of workers' investment in marketable skills, particularly in the form of training. Individuals were seen as making rational choices about investments in education and training that would i ncrease their productivity and thereby deliver suitable returns to them once evaluated on the market (see Blaug, 1976: 830). Applied to immigrants, as Wooden (1994: 220) notes, the theory proposes that 'differences in pay, occupational status, probability of employment, and so forth, between immigrants and natives reflect differences in the average

Read 2 steps in the book and study a case then answer questions Essay

Read 2 steps in the book and study a case then answer questions - Essay Example THESIS STATEMENT The assignment intends to give a detailed account of the learning obtained from step 7 and step 8 explained by Kotter and Cohen (30). Subsequently, taking the example of GE’s change leadership strategies practiced by John Welch, the discussion henceforth will aim at identifying the key issues related to the practical implementation of the steps mentioned. DISCUSSION a) Learning and ideas obtained from steps 7 and 8: The most interesting point in the step 7 was observed in relation to the fact that the leaders of large scale do not try to achieve all their determined goals at once. Instead, they make frequent changes until the ultimate vision is obtained successfully through a step-by-step procedure. Additionally, the information revealed by Kotter and Cohen (30) in step 7 that people who attempt to accomplish the goal at once, tend to quit too early, which increases the chances of strategic failure (Kotter and Cohen 30). Correspondingly, step 8 connotes an int eresting view that the tradition is a strong force. This step focuses that the successful changes made within the organization are often very delicate than imagined. The most important learning obtained with reference to this step explained that if the changes are not properly made in the organization, it will result to a great loss for the business, which essentialises nurturing organizational culture (Kotter and Cohen 30). b) Difficulties in the implementation of the steps 7 and 8: During the implementation of the step 7, the major problem that would arise is the proper scheduling of tasks on the basis of priority owing to the influences of multiple factors including resource requirements, barriers as well as complexity. Preparing a well planned schedule may therefore be quite difficult in the implementation of step 7. Again, according to step 8, changes within an organization should be implemented in alliance with the prevailing organization culture, by continuously nurturing new values and principles, which in turn shapes the new culture (Kotter and Cohen 30). However, from a generalized point of view, it can be argued that initially aligning the new vision with the existing culture and steadily cultivating a fresh culture might prove quite time consuming as well as a costlier approach to change implementation. Hence, implementing skillful employee orientation through an emotive motivational approach and simultaneously, avoiding disregard to the existing culture might prove quite challenging and thus, require high quality leadership competencies. c) Discussing how Jack Welch effectively addressed the steps in his management of change at GE with examples: John Welch, after being absorbed as the Corporate Executive Officer (CEO) of GE, strategized a chain of innovations in the business in the technical and the operational dimensions primitively. Welch thus emphasized increase in productivity and continuous

University education free of charge Essay Example for Free

University education free of charge Essay A cliche states that if you think education is expensive, try ignorance. The suggestion of free education is a noble policy that has more demerits than merits. A policy of free education creates at least three problems. These are; funding, moral hazards and limiting the roles of universities. A policy of free education for all students creates a problem of funding for universities. This is especially true in the current economic climate. The government cannot afford to soley fund universities. Thus, free education creates more economic problems for the government. For instance, if a state like California adopts such a policy for Californias public universities, a substianial part of government revenue would go into funding universities leaving little room for the government to undertake other services. Second, a policy of free education creates a moral hazard because students have no incentive to invest in their education. Individuals are more likely to commit to something that requires some sacrifice on their part. Free education demands no sacrifice. Factors such as loans and family sponsorship encourage a student to invest his education by learning because there is some one they are answerable to. However, if free education is provided to all students without any conditions, the policy would be abused. Some students may choose not to attend classes for example. Third, a policy of free education limits the role of universities as citadels of knowledge especially in the area of research. Universities receive funds and grants to undertake resarch and development from the government and private sector. Howver, if free education is provided for all students at the tertiary level, research may be limited because funds received may likely go to overhead costs such as maintenance of infrastructure and salaries. Nevertheless, the importance of education at all levels cannot be understated. The recommendation that free education should be provided for all students has a merit because education has positive consequences for a society. Holding all other factors constant, an educated society should be a prosperous and well developed one. Thus, a government may benefit from  implementing a policy of free education at the tertiary level. This is because all things being equal, the students would contribute towards the development of the society. Thus, a policy of free education may be adopted for deserving students or on a needs basis with conditions such as having a certain GPA and public service attached to it.

The medias impact on politics, government and elections.

The medias impact on politics, government and elections. The Medias Impact on Politics, Government and Elections. The Media is a complicated part of the American Government knotted with the practice of democracy. Like anywhere in the world, in America too, media is the primary source for any news or happenings. This primary source, even though it is so important, has a vast influence on what the public thinks about certain things, about politics, and public opinion. In addition, the media gives the public an idea of what is important and who is important. the media decides what is imperative in terms of setting the national agenda and what to do to affect the public opinion about candidates. A major way the media manipulates the public opinion is by making the public aware of certain facts in regard to government choices and information. Everyday the press releases exclusive information about the government to the public which influences public opinion. People all over the nation get influenced by what the media tells them. if the media would not do what it does, it would take forever for the entire nation to get educated on whats happening in the country and about political events. Nowadays, it is very easy to get instant updates on governmental processes because of the internet, radio, television and other communication technology. The media influences the public opinion by agenda setting also. Since there are a lot of rising concerns in America, the media has to chose which ones they will go over. The public believes that the issues that the media goes through the most are the most important. For instance, if the media lays emphasis on health care or gun control, that is what the public is going to believe is most important. Once the public considers a certain topic to be of major concern, it is then initiated into the legislature quickly. The media has the power to make an impression that particular issues are of more importance as compared to others. These issues are moslt related to strategy, scandal and personal lifes of politicians. These issues capture the less interesting stories because the audience is not as interested in them and media agencies do not make as much money. The most peculiar way the media manipulates the public opinion is by portraying the characteristics of the candidates via TV and radio. The media has set forth certain expectations from candidates like good looks, good speaking skills to large groups of people. Public might not acknowledge the fact that they too look for those certain things in candidates but they do, even if it is unintentional because that is what the media has literally taught the media to do so. Even if one candidate had better policies that the other who could only speak better, the public would chose the one who has the better speaking skills rather than the one who has better policies. The media also manipulates public opinions by their capability to express their views in a certain tone to their viewers. Most of the times, a news agencys personal opinions are expressed in their reviews and articles. When the public reads and listens to their views, they believe that what they say holds true for everyones opinions. The media also conveys certain issues in certain ways that change the impression of the governmental agencies, politicians and politics. Adversely, most people hold a pessimistic view of governmental agencies, politicians and politics because of the media. This also caused the participation of the public in voting to go down on a national level. A major part of America has a negative, doubtful and cynical view of the government. The news agencies also change voting opinions because the media persistently attacks the public with negative connotations of the candidates and campaign agencies. The most obvious consequence is a major decline in voting rates at the ballot. The way the media portrays candidates and their campaigns decreases voter attendance because of the tactics applied by candidates and their campaigning parties. â€Å"voter attendance has drastically gone down from 75%-85% during the 19th century to lower than 55% in modern day elections.† (Lewis) This outcome of a reduced elector attendance discloses very pessimistic opinions towards the government from the citizens of America. â€Å"Electronic forecasting on or a day before the election has become the most commonly used method by the media for predicting election results.† (Bishop) This method discourages the citizens to vote for the candidate who they planned on voting for because the media shows them that the opposing candidate has more power and say among voters and electors in the nation. Electronic forecasting or exit polling has also become a method for news agencies and researchers to conduct mass surveys. â€Å"Another connotation to electronic forecasting is that the public assumes that a certain candidate is going to win because of what the media predicted and do not even bother electing for their choice since they are aware of who has the better change of winning.†(Bishop) The citizens insight if a particular prejudice and constructive media also becomes a factor for the decline in electors. â€Å"Recent research and data shows that the American citizens view the media and government as gradually lesser dependable.† (Rouner) Sponsorships and memberships to news groups are also seen as effecting the voting rates because they news group of agency may support a particular candidate which make all of its readers and reviewers to hold the same view. The media will constantly notify the public and to determine which issues are of prime concern. The citizens of America have a lot of reliance on the media to form their own opinions about issues. The media changes the publics opinions in both good and bad ways but if the media was to remain unbiased it would not change voting rates and behaviors drastically they way it has in the past few years. Works Cited Barrett, Laurence I. Getting down and dirty (presidential Campaign). Time March 1992: 28-30 Bishop, George F. Secret ballots and self-reports in an exit poll experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly 59.4 (Winter 1995): 568-569. Lewis, Peirce. Politics: who cares? (voter turnout for 1992 Presidential elections) (cover story). American Demographics 16.10 (Oct. 1994): 20-27 Rouner, Donna. How perceptions of news bias in news sources Relate to beliefs about media bias. Newspaper Research Journal 20.2 (Spring 1999): 41-50